A. Previous literature reviews on the 20-D [1] :
In early 1997, having spent just over seven years after the invasion of Panama, the Journal published an important paper Lottery entitled "Approach to the literature on the American Invasion to Panama in December 1980 [2], written by Armando Pinzón Muñoz [3].
This article is of great value to our view of the important work of compiling the state of knowledge about the invasion (at the national and international literature), which runs until 1997.
Additionally, the letter established a conceptual division, which we consider important, when classifying the national bibliography of the invasion.
Indeed Pinzón Muñoz said that in the literature There are national:
"three streams on the causes and nature of unfortunate event. The first, supported by certain sectors of the middle class and economically powerful groups, that the invasion was a "liberation" that sought the restoration of democracy, justice and freedom in Panama. " The second, released and defended by national and international left, which attributed to "U.S. interventionism" to destroy the "Torrijos" impede the fulfillment of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties of 1977 and extend the American presence beyond 2000. The third stream, reflecting the anti-imperialist people of Panama (which emerged in April 1856 with the incident of the slice of watermelon), also rejects the interventionist, but also criticizes the political situation in the country in October 1968 to December 1989 " [4].
We see that the writer attempts a classification which refers to positions held if you want the logic of the ideas of right or conservative, progressive or other left, and suggests the existence of a third position may eclectic.
the other face, Pinzón Muñoz's work is useful it outlines an unfinished list (even in his time) jobs graduation address the issue of the invasion [5].
Since Finch's work is outdated by the natural passage of time, we thought it important to complement their work by providing a list containing all the arguments so far have been written about the invasion of Panama .
This started to locate the universities to date have compiled the graduation thesis or work produced by students aspiring to obtain a Bachelor degree (regardless of Faculty), might have addressed this important subject.
also did in the case of graduate work done by professionals who chose to complete their degrees at Graduate, Masters or PhD.
The effort required in only two universities in the country have made graduation thesis or work on the subject of the invasion of Panama, namely the University of Panama [6] (the UP) and Universidad Católica Santa María la Antigua (USMA onwards) [ 7].
Let us begin, redundantly, by the principle, which coincides with the history, with the development of theses by students of the UP.
B. The thesis of the University of Panama on the invasion.
Indeed in 1990, not having even the year after the occurrence of the invasion of Panama, Benigno Herrera, Doris Martinez and Antonio Valenzuela, students of the School of International Relations of the UP, written together what is probably the first thesis that addresses the issue of the invasion. We refer to the book entitled "The Role of States American States in Panama. (From 1987 to 1990). "
The thesis is very interesting, partly because it raises for the first time in a thesis on the use of the term genocide to describe the actions developed by the United States from December 19, 1989.
In 1991, Lina L. Muñoz And Milagros Huerta, School of Sociology support the thesis interesting "Causes and Effects of the Invasion of Panama on December 20, 1989."
The June 21, 1991 Miguel Delgado supports his thesis "Institutionalization and Self-Destruction of the Armed Forces and Democracy in Panama, to qualify for the title of Bachelor of Law and Political Science.
This most likely is the first thesis produced by a faculty of law in our country, which addresses the issue of the invasion, but does so indirectly and briefly, for the work focuses on the study the emergence, evolution and dissolution of the military institution in Panama.
Another interesting document is produced in November 1991 when the light is a thesis entitled "Immediate consequences of the invasion of December 20, 1989" written by Alexis Baloy to qualify for the Bachelor's Degree in Geography and History, School of the same name, from the Faculty of Humanities, UP.
In 1992 Eli M. C. Gonzalez significantly supports the thesis "Psychological Impact of the invasion of children affected and not affected from 9 to 12 years of the township of Chorrillo" to opt for a degree in Psychology at the Faculty of Humanities.
Subsequently, on July 15, 1992 Dora Isabel Santanach supports her thesis "Legal-Political Essay on the Development of the Panamanian armed forces, to qualify for the Title degree in law and political science.
Aneth Batista in 1993 and Sonia Samaniego support the thesis "Socio-Economic Study of 100 families affected by the invasion of December 20, 1989 relocated to the village of Chorrillo" to opt for a BA den Social Work.
Also in 1993 Minela Maritzel Morcillo Salazar supports the thesis "The invasion and its impact on the legitimacy of political power in Panama, to opt for a degree in law.
Ariel Erman Also in 1993, and Jaime Moreno Arturo Castillero Flores González support the thesis "Historical Aspects, Socio-economic, political and military conflict gave rise to the December 20, 1989, to opt for a Bachelor degree in Geography and History.
R. In 1994 Yaneth Gil F. and Maria Nereida Rios M. support the thesis "The invasion of Panama and Panamanian influence and literature, as seen through the novel, to opt for a degree in Humanities with a minor in English. The work though (as seen) does not open the cycle of interdisciplinary approaches to the fact of the invasion, if you mark the beginning of his literary analysis.
The September 22, 1994 Aurelio A. Robles supports the thesis "The principle of nonintervention and the case of Panama from 1987 to 1990" to choose the title of Bachelor of Law and Political Science.
Mariza Also in 1994 Esther F. Andreve and Eulalio García Mendoza Regional Center students Coclé University Dr. Bernardo Lombardo, support the thesis "Economic and Social Effects of the invasion of Panama in the communities of Rio Hato and Farallon, Cocle Province, to qualify for the Bachelor's Degree in Humanities with Geography and History, which is important because it opens the way for regional studies of the events surrounding the invasion and its impact on affected populations.
Also in 1994, Álvaro José Blas PREUDHOMME supports the thesis vibrant "Posture of the National Liberation Movement in January 29 November 1989 to December 1990, to qualify for the Bachelor's Degree in Humanities specialization in Geography and History.
In 1995 Samuel Alvarado and Eric Orlando Churches support the thesis "The process of transition from dictatorship to democracy: 1987-1992" to opt for the title of Master of Arts majoring in Geography and History.
In 1995, Yadira Rodriguez H. singular supports the thesis "manipulation of information. Specific Case: The invasion of December 20, 1989 to Panama "to opt for a degree in Journalism.
Geneva in 1996 Lilia Algandona-Argüelles supports the thesis "The concept of aggression, regarding the principle of self-determination of peoples and the invasion of Panama in December 1989, to qualify for the title of Master of Law and Political Science.
interesting thesis in 1997 Saval Matilde Editha entitled "Invasion of the United States in Panama and its correlation with the country's democratization process," is supported to qualify for the title of Bachelor of Law and Political Science. Interesting as we said it poses a fleeting but wise intuition about the need to pursue an essentially legal analysis of the invasion.
That same year 1997 Luis C. V. Aguilar supports the curious thesis "The use of propaganda war before and during the invasion of Panama, to qualify for the Bachelor's Degree in Journalism.
In the same Kalends (1997) Ricardo Antonio Lopez Polo substantiate his thesis "The invasion of Panama and its historical national and international (legal and political implications), to qualify for the title of Bachelor of Laws and Political Science.
That same year, 1997, Coralia Yasmel Chavarria and Rita Nieto Mercedes Olmedo Chen sustain the thesis "Three Stories of the Panamanian narrative about the 1989 invasion" to opt for a degree in Humanities with a specialization in English.
In January 1998 Alberto Sánchez Belisle particular supports the thesis "The National Radio of Panama: The Epicenter of National Ideology" to opt for a degree in Journalism.
That same year, 1998, Zoila Cordero presented as graduate work to qualify for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts majoring in English, the translation of the work Operation Just Cause.
The year 1998 also marks the appearance of the book "The American Invasion Fourteen Seen through the Work Christmas Tales Charles Mala Francico Changmarìn" supported by Marquelda N. Flores V. and Rosa C. V. Fernandez, to opt for a degree in Humanities with a minor in English.
In 1999 Gerardo Javier Ramírez López supports the thesis "The Political Crisis of the 80 Economic and invasion of Panama, to qualify for the Bachelor's Degree in International Relations.
Also in 1999, Alex and Moises Espino Scale support the thesis "The Civil Crusade: Origins, Development and Completion" to choose the title of Master of Arts majoring in Geography and History.
The work is curious, as it provides evidence of people who admit to having requested the invasion, including calls to the U.S. embassy, \u200b\u200bbut disclaims responsibility members of the Civil Crusade, saying that despite their meetings sostuvieren with senior members of the United States, the opinion of the Panamanians would have no relevance when the Americans took their final decision. But these considerations must support our view, further analysis by the History and Law.
In another vein, 1999 marks the emergence of the first to opt Thesis by Title Master in International Law. We refer to the book entitled "The Self-Defense and the United States invasion of Panama in 1989, supported by Jorge Luis Santos.
also be crystallized in 1999 the thesis "Origins and Consequences of the U.S. invasion of Panama" Gadeas supported by Maritza Martinez and Auribel Damaris Vega, to opt for a Bachelor of Arts in International Relations.
Finally 1999 also sees the sustainability of the thesis "The Tenth Panama as a historical reflection on the decades of 70, 80 and the invasion" by Cristina Gutierrez and Ruthzibel Marigmòn, in order to opt for a Bachelor degree in Geography and History.
Lilia In 2000 Armando Lequan and waxes do the translation of the Book Panama: Made in USA by John Weeks and Phil Gunson, acting graduate work to qualify for the title of Master of Arts with specialization in English .
Also in 2000 Edgar Alexis Ureña Abrego tangentially addresses the invasion in his thesis "The Movement of the Civil Crusade in the City of Panama, which supports to qualify for the Bachelor's Degree in Geography and History.
E. In 2000 Elizandro Supports the thesis detailed bagpipe "Low Intensity War, two years before and two years after the invasion of 1989, the Star newspaper and the Press" to choose the title of Master of Journalism.
Another different is the thesis work produced in June 2000 by students of the Faculty of Humanities, English School of the Centro Regional Universitario de los Santos, Miriam S. Cedeño Hector Castro P., Ilma G. B. Barrios, entitled "Panorama of Panamanian literature revolves around the invasion," with which they chose by the title of Master of Arts with specialization in English.
also arises in 2000 Claribel M. Thesis F. Quiroz, L. Telam E. Rodríguez, Regional University Center students of Cocle, Dr. Bernardo Lombardo, entitled "The invasion of Panama on Isthmus of lyrical 80's. A short survey and assessment ", with which opted for the title of Master of Arts with specialization in English.
Finally, Victor Manuel Pinilla M, a student at University Regional Center of Columbus, based on the 2004 thesis "Invasion United States 20 December 1989. Historic Stage Colon Province "to qualify for the Bachelor's Degree in Geography and History.
C. Universidad Catolica Santa Maria la Antigua. The encroachment on their thesis.
The USMA has also given its contribution to the construction of knowledge about the invasion.
Thus we see that in the year 1995 Zardon Damian Stephen supports his thesis "Application of the principle of nonintervention in the Panamanian crisis from 1987 to 1989" to choose by the degree in law and political science.
The year 1997 marks the end (so far) the development of theses on the invasion of students from the USMA.
Indeed in that year Miguel Ángel Ávila R. suspicious sustained the thesis "The violation of the principle of nonintervention in the U.S. invasion of Panama in 1989, to qualify for the title of Bachelor of Law and Political Science.
Finally, during the same year, 1997 Pauline Jácome supports the thesis "The nationalist sentiment in college students, after the U.S. invasion on 20 December 1989 ", to opt for a degree in Psychology.
C. Some Final Thoughts.
comprehensive Notwithstanding the above list, it is clear that rigorous efforts to collect an updated literature review on the invasion, is not exhausted in this short paper, and therefore efforts in this sense is seen as an obligatory task, but paradoxically easier to execute than it could result in previous years.
In fact, the systematization of the database of the different libraries, it is a tool that will facilitate the work of any researcher, or because of a Truth Commission, he / it will find that there For example, abundant references on the invasion at the Library Ernesto J. Castillero, or the Library of the UP Simón Bolívar, and the Library of the USMA Gregory Mcgrath.
In turning to these sources, the investigator may determine, in addition to the wealth of material available to address a detailed study of this important episode of national history that concerns about exploring new veins of knowledge in this area has not been exhausted, and that the issue has not died for national and foreign writers.
Serve as an example the most recent writing on the subject found [8].
In 2005, the letter sees the light "The invasion of Panama or the crime of aggression or other writings. Legal consequences " [9], published in Revista The Digest of the Faculty of Law and Political Science at USMA.
In this article the author makes an effort to catalog the invasion, from an essentially legal. This in keeping with their interest in using terms with the rigor and precision that the science of law requires its students. And with that desire in mind reaches some disturbing conclusions. Indeed the author notes:
"Es .. our purpose to demonstrate legal way because what happened in the invasion of Panama is genocide whenever during the preparation of fifteen years of literature on the subject, the authors addressing the issue of term hint for reasons beyond their rhetoric, ignoring the arguments technically necessary to support the use of the word. All the studies consulted, have this common denominator " [10].
not for us in this short period to judge whether the author successfully manages to sustain its position. However a refinement that simply using the word genocide, it opens the door to a myriad of arguments and their legal implications, if indeed we were to meet that in reviewing our history, we could responsibly say that happened in our territory the gravest of all crimes, and despite that our state and the community of nations have omitted their duty to fulfill its international obligations in respect of prosecution of the crime of genocide, promote and defend human rights and respect for existing domestic criminal laws at the time of committing the crime.
And more could be added if it is desired to address the issue of default by the state of existing obligations on compensation to victims of the invasion, as would for example the repeated request for the establishment of way Standing from a day of reflection and mourning all December 20 [11] and not to mention the duty to realize the right to the truth of family of the fallen, including the state's obligation to determine the actual number of deaths (unknown to check f) and where his remains lie [12].
In short there is plenty to talk on the continued production of literature on the invasion, there are theoretical possibilities that exceed the tripartite setting envisioned by Pinzón Muñoz in 1997 and love it personally hope that in future nearby is finally comply with the just demands of this group of Panamanian men and women, which according to the principles established for transitional justice contexts, to be heard, their treated pain, and his memory honored and remembered historically.
hope so.
hope so.
[1] With the use of the sign 20-D claim renew the memory of the events of December 20, 1989, adapting it to modern Nomencl ture that has been used since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, nomenclature often used (with obvious benefits and even advertising mnemonics) to remember dates dramatic attention to the implementation of violence with many casualties, which have impacted on the collective consciousness of societies affected. It is clear therefore it is possible to apply these criteria to the facts caused by the invasion of Panama. Additionally, informs the reader that the version of this article is published, was written around the year 2007. After the passage of time can offset some data. Yet any effort to address that fact has been carried out at the foot of pages available on site. [2] Err date or present in the magazine, as obviously it is an article on the literature of the invasion of Panama occurred in 1989. [3] Cultural Lottery Magazine No. 410 January-February 1997. MCMXCVII year, pages 47 to 53. [4] Muñoz Pinzón, pages 47 and 48. [5] In effect page 53 article in comment Finch said: "the work of graduating from the University of Panama: Causes and effects of the invasion of Panama (School of Sociology Faculty of Humanities, 1991), Lina Muñoz and Milagros Huertas, The invasion and its impact on the legitimacy of political power in Panama (Faculty of Law and Political Science at the University of Panama, 1993), of Minela Maritzel Morcillo Salazar, the invasion of Panama, (School English, School of Humanities year (1994), R. Yaneth Gil F. and Maris Nereida Rìos M; ". As will be seen then this list is incomplete as 1997. [6] in which his students have produced 34 papers about the invasion. [7] which have been prepared do 3 papers on the subject. [8] is not all-encompassing effort if one considers, for example, that would be extra work if, in addition to finding articles on the invasion of publications, review what is written in the newspapers d and national circulation. Examples are the articles 19 and 20 December, or the most recent titled 20-D: day of reflection, published on October 17, 2006, in the opinion section of Diario La Estrella Panama. This text is interesting because it makes a historic illation treatment the state has waived the December 20 date for reflection or mourning interchangeably. [9] Atencio Gomez, Victor Antonio. The invasion of Panama or the crime of aggression or other e scribed. Legal implications. The Digest. Student journals of the USMA. 2005. Pages 39 to 48. A revised and expanded version of the text is subsequently published in the Journal of Political Panamanian No. 2, 2006, July-December, pages 71-105. [10] Ibid. Cit., P. 41, footnote 10. We must add that our investigations on thesis confirm the last statement of au sector. [11 ] The lawmaker at the time Leandro Ávila, presented to the plenary of the National Assembly a proposal to that effect. Despite the intrinsic goodness of the measure, sometimes it is not enough to guarantee them a success. Recall for example that last year the Movement of Families of the Fallen tried unsuccessfully to push an identical measure. Same fate was inserted similar provision in Bill No. 383 of 2007 "which states on December 20 of each year's Day of Mourning and Reflection Patriotic and other provisions" which despite its unanimous approval by all political forces in the National Assembly, was challenged by the Executive (December 20, 2007). [12] As required by the developments achieved by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (hereinafter CrIDH) in the Castillo Paez, Judgement of November 3, 1997, paras 85-90. CrIDH worth recalling that the agency interpreted the American Convention on Human Rights, which was incorporated into our domestic law through Law No. 15 of October 28, 1977, published in the GO 18.468 30 November 1977. So when is Republic Act mandatory standard for all public officials Panamanian State, regardless of the Power Authority to which they belong, and its breach of international responsibility of States for acts or omissions that violate human rights.
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